Infidelity and Resilience among Young Adults in Romantic Relationships

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between infidelity and resilience among young adults in romantic relationships. The research included young adults aged 18-25 who were or had been in a romantic relationship, while excluding individuals outside this age range or those who had never been in a romantic relationship. Two scales were used to collect data: The Infidelity Scale, consisting of 35 items and developed by Logue et al. in 2010, and the Resilience Scale, consisting of 14 items and developed by Wagnild in 2009. The participants, totaling 120 individuals, were from the Delhi-NCR region. The research demonstrates that there is a significant relationship between infidelity and resilience among young adults in romantic relationships. It also reveals a significant difference in infidelity between males and females, with females exhibiting higher levels of infidelity. However, there was no significant difference in resilience between males and females in the context of romantic relationships. These findings suggest that infidelity may impact relationship quality and resilience differently for males and females.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Romantic Relationships

Relationships are an important part of our lives. These relationships can range from close and intimate to distant and difficult. Whatever the nature of the relationship, different types of connections create organizations that support relationships that are important to our body and mind. A relationship is a connection between two people that can be good or bad. A person can have a good relationship with everyone, including family and friends. While the phrase "in a relationship" is often associated with a relationship, it can mean something different between one person and another. A "relationship" doesn't always involve physical, emotional, and/or commitment. People form different kinds of relationships with certain characteristics. Relationships usually fall into one of several different categories (although these relationships sometimes overlap):

1. Family relationships 
2. Friendships 
3. Acquaintances 
4. Romantic Relationships
5. Sexual Relationships
6. Work Relationships
7. Situational Relationships

Different states of relationships are incredibly different in terms of closeness and there are many different types of connections to each of these destinations. The different types of relationships that people may have at some point in their life include:  

B. Platonic Relationships  

A platonic relationship, relationships do not include sex or love.These relationships are often characterized by: 

1. Sincerity 
2. Love 
3. Understanding 
4. Respect 
5. Worry 
6. Support 
7. Honesty 
8. Acceptance 

Platonic relationships can come alive in many areas and can include social relationships. You can build relationships with friends or colleagues, or build relationships with people elsewhere, such as at your club, sports club, or volunteer organization.  This  relationship can serve to provide an important source of social support that is important to your health and well-being. Studies show that platonic friendships can help lower your risk of illness, depression or anxiety and boost your energy.  

C. Romantic Relationship 

A relationship is one that includes love and compassion for others. Romantic love can take many forms, but often involves anger, intimacy, and commitment. Experts have found many ways to describe how people feel and express love. For example, psychologist Robert Sternberg recommends the three pillars of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment/commitment. It clearly shows that romantic love can be a combination of passion and intimacy. Romantic relationships change over time. At the beginning of a relationship, most people are grounded. During falling in love, the brain releases certain neurotransmitters (dopamine, oxytocin, and serotonin) that make a person happy and "in love." At the same time, the use of these ideas began to disappear. As a relationship, people develop deeper relationships and understanding.

D. Dependent Relationship

A co-dependent relationship is a relationship in which one partner is emotionally, physically or mentally dependent on the other.It is also something that both parties depend on. Both may alternately assume the role of caregiver, alternating between caregiver and caregiver.  Features of collaboration include: 

1. Act as a giver when others act like receivers 
2. Do your best to avoid problems with others 
3. Think you need permission to do something own activities 
4. Do things that will make someone happy even if it bothers you  
5. That you don't know who you are in a relationship feeling 
6. Bring others up, even if they do nothing to earn your kindness and respect 

However, not all relationships, the quality of relationships, are created by equality. They can vary in weight. Interdependence affects all types of relationships, including romantic relationships, parent-child relationships, friendships, relationships with other family members, and even employees.For example, people who need more comfort can choose a partner who needs them constantly and thus manage the difficulty of focusing on their own needs. 

E. Casual Relationships 

Relationships like this often have informal conversations that can result in sex without having to engage or bond. But experts say the timing is bad and means different things to people. According to the authors of a study published in the Canadian Journal of Human Sexology, such relationships include:

1. One-night stands 
2. Intimate shots 
3. "Sex" partners 
4. Benevolent friends 

These relationships are often informal, this is more than constant communication that includes a level of self-disclosure, social interaction and friendship. The study found that heterosexuals knew the content of these texts better than heterosexuals. These relationships are mostly young people. As long as the relationship is marked by communication and agreement, it can have some positive effects on sex. They can satisfy their sexual, social, emotional and social needs without the need for a relationship or commitment.

F. Open Relationship 

An open relationship can be a non-consensual relationship in which one or more people are involved in a sexual or other relationship. Both parties agree to have sex with other people in a relationship, but there may be some conditions or restrictions. Open communication can happen in almost any relationship, be it dating, dating, or marriage. There is often a stigma surrounding non-monogamous relationships. Still, studies show that between 21% and 22% of adults are involved in multiple relationships at some point in their lives. In addition, the chances of a good relationship depend on gender and sexuality.

Men reported closer relationships than women; People who identify as gay, lesbian, and bisexual are more likely to report having been in a relationship in the past than those who directly identify themselves. Relationships can have benefits, such as expanding sexual intimacy, and side effects, such as jealousy and heartache. Relationships are more open when couples establish personal, emotional, and sexual boundaries and communicate clearly about their feelings and needs.

G. Toxic Relationship 

A relationship is one in which your emotional, physical, or mental health suffers for any reason. This relationship often makes you shy, clumsy, inept or unsupportive. Any relationship can be dangerous, including a friendship, family relationship, romantic relationship or business relationship. The relationship is characterized by:

1. Lack of support
2. Abuse
3. Competition
4. Controlling behavior
5. Neglect
6. Injustice
7. Gaslight
8. Hostility
9. Jealousy
10. Bad behavior

For example, if you are not careful, skeptical, insecure, and negative, then you are toxic. In other cases, people in the relationship will continue to act in ways that create stress. This may be intentional, but otherwise people may not understand how they affect others. Because of the social background most of them grew up in at home, they may not know other ways of behavior and communication. This doesn't just create dissatisfaction - a chemical relationship can wreak havoc on your health.

For example, stress from a bad relationship is linked to heart health, according to one study. Loneliness and misunderstanding in relationships can also lead to depression, which has been shown to cause mental and physical stress.

II. INFIDELITY

Infidelity – also known as cheating or adultery – describes emotional or sexual intimacy with someone outside of a consensual marriage or relationship. Cheating may or may not involve sex and may occur in person or online. Unfortunately, infidelity is commonplace. The infidelity rate in a relationship starts at around 20 percent a lot, tomorrow to 50 percent tomorrow. Infidelity can have a serious impact on relationships and lead to depression, feelings of guilt, mistakes and anger.

A. Monogamy and Polygamy

Monogamy, or the practice of having only one partner at a time, is the basic structure of relationships in Western culture. All infidelity, whether through emotional or physical interaction, works against the feeling of hope or the expression of monogamy. When more than two people are involved, this is often referred to as a non-monogamous or polygamous relationship. In relationships other than relationships, partners can be fickle or polygamous. This course of action encourages genuine communication and consensus among all partners, not instances of injustice. Infidelity falls under non-monogamous infidelity because one party does not understand or accept the marital relationship. What determines whether a person is unfaithful is not whether the relationship is monogamous, but whether prior understanding of boundaries is taken into account. Infidelity isn't like someone going to a hotel and having mysterious sex.

Cheating can take many forms and does not necessarily involve personal information. It's worth noting that what might be infidelity for one person may not be right for another. The types of infidelity most couples experience are:

1. Sexual Infidelity: This includes all sex outside of the relationship. There may or may not be an opinion here.
2. Emotional Infidelity: The difference between a platonic relationship and emotional infidelity is that the relationship includes sex, sexual chemistry, and some level of emotional intimacy compared to a romantic relationship. In addition, there is privacy: information about the relationships are often deliberately hidden.
3. Online Infidelity: Online or Internet cheating involves engaging in or speculating in online sexual activity through chat rooms, text messages, text messages, and the commercialization of obscene pictures and thoughts. Some people think it's cheating to see nude photos without contacting others, while others don't.

B. Root Causes of Infidelity

Most of us think that cheating only happens in bad relationships, but in good relationships, people lie. Infidelity is often caused by disappointment in a relationship, but it can also be caused by a lack of self-confidence, sex or drug addiction. Sometimes, good behavior happens because of the relationship and relationship between consent and sex that promotes infidelity. Many studies have shown that men are more likely to cheat than women, but other research has shown that men are more likely to have an accident and women are more likely to have an accident. People higher in sexual attraction are more likely to cheat, and people higher in insecurity are more likely to gain approval through marriage.

C. The effect of dishonesty on the relationship

Regardless of the content of the relationship, if it happens, both parties are greatly affected. Of course, it can also affect other people in the home, such as children.

Common consequences of infidelity are:

1. Anxiety
2. Depression
3. Anger issues
4. Pride
5. Self-esteem

D. Influences of Infidelity on the Individual Who Was Cheated On and on the Individual Who Cheated

It can be very painful when a partner is hurt. Some people feel unlucky or hurt by betrayal. Others may experience symptoms of anxiety or depression, including suicidal thoughts. For some, the stress is so great that they develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). People with severe anxiety disorder may experience agitation, agitation, or hyperstimulation with exercise.Once infidelity occurs, it can include unhealthy behaviors such as cheating on partners, unprotected sex, eating too much or not enough, or exercising. If you're struggling with your relationship partner, especially if someone is having suicidal or self-harming thoughts or feelings, get help so you can start the process back by lying and breaking up. Also, the person involved in the betrayal can be completely affected by negative emotions or negative reactions, including embarrassment. Some may feel blocked or helpless in relationships, while others suffer because they can change. Some people struggle to stop having sex even though they know it has to end. They can feel blue. In addition, the offender may be so afraid that the hurting partner cannot be forgiven, that he must remember to express his desire that goes beyond reason. The other partner may accuse their partner of being unfaithful, grumpy, or ignorant.

E. 3 Solutions Used to Correct Infidelity

Most cheating treatments involve dialogue with both partners, but in some cases therapy is used. Three methods a therapist can use to treat depression are:

1. Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT): EFT can be a form of connected psychotherapy in a relationship. In other words, EFT is used to improve the connection between partners. From an EFT perspective, dishonesty can spoil relationships and make relationships dangerous. EFT addresses the damage caused by infidelity and tries to repair relationships between partners. An EFT practitioner will help you understand your emotions and adopt more effective patterns.
2. The Gottman Method: The Gottman Method is a proven method that helps parents form friendships, solve problems, and create meaning. The Gottman family created the "Atone, Adapt, and Connect" model to address injustice. During the "Atonement" period, the partner who erred must repent, accept responsibility instead of defense. During the "reconciliation" period, the couple learn to deal with conflict and reconnect with each other. During the "bonding" phase, the couple adjusts their relationship and physical relationship.
3. A Collaborative Approach: Using integrated and collaborative approaches (usually a combination of psychology, cognitive-behavioral, and human therapy), couples can go through three stages after a relationship: These are the three stages of integration process:

a. Managing the impact of the first question

b. Rebellion

c. Choosing to act together or independently

Dealing with social injustice is particularly difficult for many reasons, why would someone lie. It can trigger past injuries or cause unused injuries. It's time to take care of yourself, think about your goals and priorities, and consider couples therapy to help you and your partner move forward. If your goal is to heal your relationship, therapy can make a big difference in how you feel and know that it can be difficult, but come from within, not beyond understanding.

III. RESILIENCE

Resilience, as defined by the American Psychological Association (APA), is the process and outcome of successfully coping with difficult or challenging life situations. Resilience is the ability to withstand challenges and bounce back from life's challenges. Being resilient does not mean that one is free from stress, change and patience. Flexibility includes the ability to overcome stress and adversity.

A. Resilience Theories

Developed by psychologists, these theories provide a unique perspective on resilience.

1. Michael Rutter's Theory of Resilience

Michael Rutter's Sustainability Theory Michael Rutter is known as the father of child theory.In fact, he was the first to be appointed Professor of Pediatrics in the UK. Therefore, it goes without saying that his feelings carry a heavy burden. I agree with Rutter that tolerance has nothing to do with a person's emotional state. He said it's about being able to adapt to the situation when given more resources.

2. Dr. Norman Garmezy's Theory of Endurance

Dr. Norman Garmezy is a well-known psychologist. He is best known for his work on developmental psychopathology. However, it is good to adapt and maintain a positive attitude when faced with difficulties. He also said that a person can be resilient even when faced with disaster and begin to withdraw because they come back to do what they want.

3. Emmy Werner's Theory of Resilience

Emmy Werner is a psychologist. She is best known for her 40-year longitudinal work on child development, particularly on 698 babies. His research revealed that not all children are lucky in their fate. This provides a partial understanding of the nature of work, particularly in the early development of the individual. His research led him to describe the ability to work well, play well, love well, and think well. Some defenses have been shown to play an important role in helping children persevere, no matter how hard they face. Some of these protections include relationships with non-parental caregivers, integration into community groups (with human relations), participation in exercise, liking to do, etc.

B. 7 Cs of Resilience

Ken Ginsburg developed the 7 Cs Resilience Model to help children, juveniles, and high school students develop strength. . May be happier and stronger. The 7Cs model is based on two main things.

• Young people live up to expectations and ask adults to love them unconditionally.
• How we teach young people to fight is more significant than what we say.

The American Academy of Pediatrics summarizes 7 C as follows:

1. Competence: It is a good abstraction ability. To build capacity, individuals develop performance standards that help them trust their own judgment and choose responsibilities.
2. Confidence: True self-confidence is based on talent, said Dr. Ginsburg. People gain confidence from being able to do things in real life.
3. Connection: Relationships with family, friends, and society provide a sense of security and belonging.
4. Character: People need to have a sense of right and wrong in order to make responsible decisions, contribute to society, and recognize personal values.
5. Contribution: Contributing to one's own community fosters positive, meaningful relationships.
6. Coping: When people learn how to manage stress, they can cope better with depression and failure.
7. Control: Developing a sense of internal control helps people become problem solvers rather than victims. When people know they can control the consequences of their decisions, they feel empowered and confident.

The 7 Cs of resilience teach self-esteem regardless of age and the exchange of external resources.

Resilience represents the ability to cope with life's challenges and is an extension of resilience. However, there are different types of defenses, and each type affects a person's ability to withstand different types of stress.

a. Physical Endurance: Physical Endurance refers to how the body responds to change and recovery from physical demands, pain and injury. Research shows that this shift plays an important role in health. It affects how people age and how they cope and recover from physical stress and medical problems.

b. Mental Resilience: Mental Resilience is a person who can change and is not fixed. People with this type of courage are flexible and reliable in emergencies. They use their emotional intelligence to understand problems, move forward, and maintain their self-confidence when faced with problems.

c. Emotional Resilience: Emotional Resilience includes the ability to control behavior when under stress. People can listen to their emotional reactions and enjoy living with their lives. Therefore, they can calm their minds and pay attention to their emotions when faced with negative situations. This protection also helps people be honest in serious situations. Because they have a heart, they understand that sadness and depression don't last forever.

d. Social Resilience: Social Resilience involves groups' ability to survive in stressful situations. It involves connecting with others and working together to solve problems that affect individuals and groups. Common sense strategies include post-disaster integration, strengthening relationships, recognizing community dangers, and building a sense of community. Such interventions are important when challenges such as natural disasters affect communities or populations.

C. Reasons for perseverance

There are usually people who are brave, of good character and remain calm in the face of difficulties. But these actions are not actions of a minority. Resilience is the result of a combination of internal and external factors, including genetics, physical health, mental health, and the environment. Another important variable that affects outcomes is social support. People with mental illness often seek support from their family and friends during stressful times.

Intelligent people also have the following characteristics:

1. They communicate well
2. They have internal control
3. They have a high IQ and need attention
4. They have an agreement between themselves and their abilities
5. Good thinking and patience
6. They see themselves as Invincible Soldiers

D. The Effects of Depression

Patience makes one mentally strong against stress and problems. It is a mental energy bank that one can resort to without bursting when needed. Psychologists believe that strong people are better able to solve problems and improve their lives after war. Careful changes or surprises are a part of life to be avoided. Everyone suffers in different ways from time to time. Some of these challenges may be minor (not being able to attend classes or being given a job), while others may be more severe (hurricanes and droughts). Vulnerable persons will be affected by the encounter. They may dwell on problems and use poor problem-solving skills to solve them. Frustration or failure can cause them to behave badly, be destructive or dangerous. These people recover from depression more slowly and are therefore more likely to experience depression. Perseverance doesn't take away stress or life's challenges. People with this quality do not look at life by focusing on red. They understand that there is pain and that life will be difficult and painful at times. They still experience negative emotions after a disaster, but their mental attitude allows them to overcome and seek help. Resilience enables people to face problems, overcome difficulties and move forward in life. After major disasters such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and the COVID-19 pandemic, many people describe behaviors that lead to depression and therefore show fewer depressive symptoms.

IV. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. M. Rosie Shrout and Daniel J. Weigel (2019) say that cheating is one of the dangers people face in relationships. Given that an unfaithful partner poses a real threat to emotional and psychological well-being, it's important to understand what's causing this phenomenon and identify what can lessen the security pain. In applying stress theory to a situation, the study explored, in a sample of 232 researchers, the link between negative evaluations, stress-related anxiety, and brain health, and the direct impact of self-esteem on these relationships. Research shows that exposure to the danger and responsibility of cheating on a partner can increase anxiety about infidelity, which is linked to the emergence of challenge, pressure, and stress. Also, few studies have shown that self-esteem is an important factor in coping. The effects of negative evaluations on anxiety disorders and anxiety disorders on depression and anxiety in individuals with low self-esteem. These findings highlight the importance of people's perceptions of spousal infidelity and their confidence in the emotional and psychological costs of infidelity.
2. Daniel J. Weigel, M. Rosie Shrout (2021), stated that given people's strong beliefs about the importance of honesty in romantic relationships, the reason for this study was to better understand the emotions that arise when the partner thinks that beliefs are incompatible with those beliefs. and future guilt, this study explored the relationship between content, negative beliefs, and mental health in a sample of 246 male college students who believed their sexuality was wrong. The SEM analysis revealed the process of documenting and explaining people's beliefs about the importance of justice, and that participants experienced negative problems, depression, and depression when these justice beliefs were challenged by their partner's misconceptions. These findings expand understanding of emotional abuse through direct and indirect reporting contexts, moral beliefs, and subsequent health consequences.
3. Julie A. Swets and Cathy R. Cox (2022) notes that research on relationship longing (that is, how one feels about past relationships) has produced words that can be used to prevent misconceptions. But previous research has shown that insecurely attached people don't benefit from the same emotions. This study introduces the concept of social nostalgia bias (eg. For example, from people's romantic friends [eg. Feeling safe and secure as in a previous relationship]). In Study 1, the nostalgia factor was associated with commitment and relationship (happiness, etc.). Experiments show relationships for conflict and relationships for unity. Modeling in Study 2 showed how attachment avoidance predicted lower expectations (study 1) that were associated with reduced commitment. In contrast, decreased commitment predicted higher attitudes towards injustice and feelings towards injustice. In general, people dislike emotional relationships when they have high attachment defenses, which negatively affects their commitment.
4. Irum Saeed Abbasi (2018) says that the use of social media affects the social, emotional, work and private life of the user. Accessibility to online dating activities such as "friends" provides an attractive space where gender and/or sex can contribute. Online interactions with virtual partners can drain users' minds and prevent them from spending time with their life partners, leading to unhealthy relationships. In this study, we examined the relationship between social relations and unethical behaviors in a study involving 365 participants (242 females, 123 males). We also investigated how age affected this relationship. The findings suggest that SNS addiction predicts behavior associated with SNS abuse and age moderates this association. This study also found that age was negatively associated with SNS addiction and SNS-related bias.
5. Gayle Brewer, Alexandra Guothova, Dimitris Tsivilis (2022) says that cheating threatens people in personal relationships and can ruin relationships. However, there is a big difference between what is perceived as unfair and what is not. In this study, we examined the relationship between Dark Triad traits and dishonest behavior. Five categories of bias were considered; online fraud, false dreams, delusions, sex crimes and secrets. The dark side of behavior (Machiavellianism and primary psychopathy) postulates that certain behaviors are considered immoral when controlling an individual's public information and personal information.In particular, powerful people are less likely to perceive emotional and communication biases. People who are more emotional tend to view feelings and emotions as unfair and are less likely to view sexuality or confidential communication as a sign of betrayal.

A. Aim

To find a relationship between Infidelity and Resilience among young adults in romantic relationships

B. Objective

To understand the relationship between Infidelity and Resilience among young adults in romantic relationships

C. Hypotheses

1. H1: There will be significant relationship between Infidelity and Resilience among young adults in romantic relationships
2. H2: There will be significant difference between Infidelity among males and females in romantic relationships
3. H3: There will be significant difference between Resilience among males and females in romantic relationships

D. Procedure

The total number of participants in this study was 120 and data were collected from young people aged 18-25 in the Delhi-NCR region. A dialogue was established with all participants by accepting them and clarifying their grievances. Each participant is given a complete list. The scales used in this study are the Injustice Scale and the Resilience Scale. Subjects were asked to take a test to make sure they understood everything. All answers are written and interpreted according to the guidelines applicable to each test.

V. RESULT

Table 1

Relationship between Infidelity and Resilience among young adults in romantic relationships

**. The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tails).

Table 2

Difference between Infidelity among males and females in romantic relationships

**. The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tails).

Table 3

Difference between Resilience among males and females in romantic relationships

**. The correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tails).

VI. DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows the relationship between cheating and youth intelligence. A value of 0.457 represents the correlation coefficient (usually "r") between dishonesty and intelligence. The correlation coefficient, ranging from -1 to +1, measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. In this case, the correlation coefficient represents the relationship between bias and ability. The significance level indicated by "**" in this table indicates the significance of the correlation coefficient. Significance is determined by the p-value, which measures the probability that change will occur over time. In this case, the table shows that the relationship between deviation and elasticity is basically 0. At level 01, that is, the result of the relationship is significant and the percentage is small.Together, the table shows the relationship between fraud and the relationship between young people. The correlation is significant at the confidence level (0.01). Therefore, Hypothesis 1 is accepted.

Table 2 shows the differences in infidelity between men and women in romantic relationships. The median is the mean of the variables for each group. In this case, while the mean score of men is 131.05, the mean score of women is 152.00. The standard deviation measures the difference or distribution of scores within each group. The standard deviation for men is 35.380 and 25,918 for women. A higher standard deviation indicates more dispersion in the data. In this table, the level of significance is indicated by “**” and it shows the significance of the difference between men and women.

Significance levels are usually determined by performing a test such as the t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA). In this case, there are no important steps. The t-value represents the result of a statistical test (possibly a t-test) comparing the mean scores of men and women. The t value is related to the significance level, but the specific value is not given in the table. Taken together, the graphs show that there are significant differences in infidelity between men and women in romantic relationships. Therefore, Hypothesis 2 is accepted.

Table 3 shows the differences in the construction of relationships between men and women. This line shows the mean (mean) endurance score for each group. The average score is 66,0847 for men and 72.2131 for women. This column represents the mean or mean difference in simple scores in each group. The standard deviation is 11,36281 for men and 10,88748 for women. This article shows the results of a test called the t-test, which tests whether there is a difference between the two groups. The T value for the difference in elasticity between men and women is 0.719. This column indicates the level of significance or probability that the observed difference from the mean is due to chance. In this case the weight is “SIG”. Two asterisks (**) indicate that the relationship is significant at the 0.01 level and the difference is due to a small chance. Compared to men in the statement (66,0847), there are differences between male and female behavior in relationships. The significance level indicates the level of confidence that the difference is not due to risk. Therefore, Hypothesis 3 is accepted.

Conclusion

Taken together, the data in Table 1 show the relationship between infidelity and violence among young people in romantic relationships. This indicates that when the bias increases, the turnover increases. Table 2 shows that there is a significant difference in the level of infidelity in the relationship between men and women. Men have a lower chance than women. The difference is significant, showing that women lie more than men. However, Table 3 shows that there is no significant difference in the relationship between men and women. Men and women performed similarly with no significant differences. Overall, these findings suggest that although infidelity is associated with youth employment, infidelity and women have greater gender differences. In addition, there was no significant difference in the level of resilience between the genders in the context of romantic relationships.

References

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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Ms. Janet Gerika Franshaw, Dr. Tamanna Saxena. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.